Britain And Europe In The Seve

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matters. European intellectual developments during the first part of the century did not significantly affect the main part of English life, and English influences on Europe were negligible. The only groups interested in developments in Europe were minorities who were dissatisfied with the established order in Britain. For most of these “Puritans” the Calvinist churches of Europe provided the model which they hoped to establish in England. During James I’s reign they were inspired by Dutch divines and encouraged in their opposition to royal policies. In economic and intellectual matters Scotland was basically a colony of Holland. But the partly formed Calvinist international, to which English Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians belonged, together with German, Czech, Swiss, Magyar, French, and Dutch churches, did not survive the 1620’s. It was shattered in the early disastrous phases of the Thirty Years War, and by the submission of the Huguenots ...

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which were of great economic importance. Economic ties produced political connections years before Britain became fully involved in the European diplomatic system. Britain had to become a Mediterranean power and began to intervene in Portuguese politics during Charles II’s reign. Apart from this economic impact, England made little impression on Europe before 1688. There was almost universal ignorance of the English language, and English literature was hardly known to exist. The political instability and continual violence of British affairs horrified all Europeans except the Dutch. Only the Dutch had any realization of potential English power. It was only after 1688 that ...

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