Clinical Chemistry Tests In Medicine

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catabolism results in elevated BUN levels.
Creatinine is another indicator of kidney function. Creatinine is a
waste product derived from creatine. It is freely filtered by the glomerulus
and blood levels are useful for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Muscle
tissue contains phosphocreatinine which is converted to creatinine by a
nonenzymatic process. This spontaneous degradation occurs at a rather
consistent rate (Merck, 1991).
Causes of increases of both BUN and creatinine can be divided into three
major categories: prerenal, renal, and postrenal. Prerenal causes include
heart disease, hypoadrenocorticism and shock. Postrenal causes include urethral
obstruction or lacerations of the ureter, bladder, or urethra. True renal
disease from glomerular, tubular, or interstitial dysfunction raises BUN and
creatinine levels when over 70% of the nephrons become nonfunctional (Sodikoff,
1995).
Glucose is a primary energy source for living organisms. The ...

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where glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Insulin also
activates glycogen synthase so that much of the glucose-6-phosphate is converted
to glycogen. It also stimulates the storage of excess fuels as fat (Lehninger,
1993).
With insufficient insulin, glucose is not used by the tissues and
accumulates in the blood. The accumulated glucose then spills into the urine.
Additional amounts of water are retained in urine because of the accumulation of
glucose and polyuria (excessive urination) results. In order to prevent
dehydration, more water than normal is consumed (polydipsia). In the absence of
insulin, fatty acids released form adipose tissue are converted to ketone ...

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